abstract：:House dust mites (HDM; Dermatophagoides sp.) are one of the commonest aeroallergens worldwide and up to 85% of asthmatics are typically HDM allergic. Allergenicity is associated both with the mites themselves and with ligands derived from mite-associated bacterial and fungal products. Murine models of allergic airways...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Gregory LG,Lloyd CM

更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The 2009 influenza pandemic highlighted the threat that type A influenza poses to human health. Thus, there is an urgency to understand the pathobiology of influenza infection and the contribution of the host immune response to virus elimination and the development of lung injury. This review focuses on the T cell arm...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Kim TS,Sun J,Braciale TJ

更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The activation and differentiation of CD8 T cells is a necessary first step that endows these cells with the phenotypic and functional properties required for the control of intracellular pathogens. The induction of the CD8 T cell responses typically results in the development of a massive overall population of effect...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Cox MA,Harrington LE,Zajac AJ

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 contribute to host defense against infection by augmenting antimicrobial properties of phagocytes and initiating Th1 and Th17 adaptive immune responses. Protein complexes called inflammasomes activate intracellular caspase-1 autocatalytically, which cleaves the inactive precursors of I...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： van de Veerdonk FL,Netea MG,Dinarello CA,Joosten LA

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The introduction of combined antiretroviral therapies (HAART) has reversed the fatal course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HAART controls virus production and, in most cases, allows the quantitative and functional immune defects caused by HIV to be reversed. Here, we review T cell homeostatic mechani...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Guihot A,Bourgarit A,Carcelain G,Autran B

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A prominent population of innate CD8+ T cells develops in the thymus of several gene-deficient mouse strains, including Itk, KLF2, CBP and Id3. These cells have the phenotype and function of memory CD8+ T cells, without previous exposure to antigen. Surprisingly, the cytokine IL-4 plays a key role in their development...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Lee YJ,Jameson SC,Hogquist KA

更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Candida species are major causes of infections affecting either body surfaces or the deep tissues. Candida is a complex pathogen and the immune system uses various cells, cell surface receptors and signalling pathways to trigger an efficient host defence. Host-Candida interaction can result either in rapid elimination...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Netea MG,Maródi L

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In lymphatic tissue, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs), mature after sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and subsequently activate T cell immunity. Non-pathogenic MAMPs, derived for example from commensal bacteria, are ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Kern M,Popov A,Kurts C,Schultze JL,Knolle PA

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protection against pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) by vaccination is often ascribed to the presence of TB-reactive T cells in the lung before infection. Challenging this view, new studies analyzing vaccine-induced T cells in various tissue compartments after parenteral immunization suggest a poor correlation between the p...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Jeyanathan M,Heriazon A,Xing Z

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are crucial in establishing the control of persistent virus infections. Population studies of HIV-1-infected individuals suggest that CD8(+) CTL responses targeting epitopes that take the greatest toll on virus replication are instrumental in immune control. A major questi...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Ahlers JD,Belyakov IM

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many diseases have an inflammatory component, where neutrophil interactions with the vascular endothelium lead to barrier dysfunction and increased permeability. Neutrophils increase permeability through secreted products such as the chemokines CXCL1, 2, 3, and 8, through adhesion-dependent processes involving beta(2)...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： DiStasi MR,Ley K

更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tetramethylpentadecane (TMPD, or commonly known as pristane)-induced lupus is a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Renal disease and autoantibody production strictly depend on signaling through the interferon (IFN)-I receptor. The major source of IFN-I is immature monocytes bearing high levels of the ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Reeves WH,Lee PY,Weinstein JS,Satoh M,Lu L

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances allow aging-associated changes in B-cell function to be approached at a mechanistic level. Reduced expression of genes crucial to lineage commitment and differentiation yield diminished B-cell production. Moreover, intrinsic differences in the repertoire generated by B-cell precursors in aged individua...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Cancro MP,Hao Y,Scholz JL,Riley RL,Frasca D,Dunn-Walters DK,Blomberg BB

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the most successful human viruses, infecting more than 90% of the adult population worldwide and persisting for the lifetime of the host. Individuals with a history of symptomatic primary EBV infection, called infectious mononucleosis, carry a moderately higher risk of developing mul...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Lünemann JD,Münz C

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The concept that blood cells arising from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can be subdivided into two major lineages, a myelo-erythroid and a lymphoid lineage, has long persisted. Indeed, it has become almost axiomatic that the first branch point from the HSC produces two progenitors, one for myelo-erythroid cells and t...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Kawamoto H,Katsura Y

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mast cells play a central role in the initiation of inflammatory responses associated with asthma and other allergic disorders. Receptor-mediated mast cell growth, differentiation, homing to their target tissues, survival and activation are all controlled, to varying degrees, by phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-driven...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Kim MS,Rådinger M,Gilfillan AM

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of chronic, progressive disorders characterized by the gradual loss of neurons in discrete areas of the central nervous system (CNS). The mechanism(s) underlying their progressive nature remains unknown but a timely and well-controlled inflammatory reaction is essential for the i...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Gao HM,Hong JS

更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Complement is a major defense system of innate immunity and aimed to destroy microbes. One of the central complement regulators is factor H, which belongs to a protein family that includes CFHL1 and five factor H-related (CFHR) proteins. Recent evidence shows that factor H family proteins (factor H and CFHRs) are asso...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Józsi M,Zipfel PF

更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces a chronic generalized activation of the immune system, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AIDS. This ability of the virus might either be an evolved (adaptive) trait or a coincidental side effect of jumping to a new host species. We argue that selection favo...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Bartha I,Simon P,Müller V

更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances in the understanding of medullary thymic epithelial cell biology, and especially of their promiscuous gene expression, have highlighted the indispensable role of thymic medulla in shaping a self-tolerant T-cell repertoire. Additionally, our recent results have shown that cortical thymic epithelial cell...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Takahama Y,Tanaka K,Murata S

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two recent crystal structures of membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) domains found in the complement and perforin families unexpectedly reveal that some proteins of the immune system share a common core fold with their bacterial targets. Although a relationship between MACPF proteins and the previously characteri...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Lukoyanova N,Saibil HR

更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protease-activated receptors (PARs) belong to a family of G protein-coupled receptors activated by serine proteases via proteolytic cleavage. PARs are expressed on epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes, indicating a role in controlling barrier function against external danger. During inflammation, microo...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Shpacovitch V,Feld M,Bunnett NW,Steinhoff M

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The regulated secretion of cellular proteins is central to the correct function of many cell types, including immune cells. Lymphocyte control of the storage, transport and exocytosis of immunomodulatory molecules is a highly specialised task triggered by T cell receptor engagement. The regulated secretory pathway in ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Jolly C,Sattentau QJ

更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mechanisms underlying the failure to control the growth and systemic spread of Leishmania parasites in human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are not well understood. Although the absence of antigen-specific Th1 responses in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from VL patients is thought to be causally related to di...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Nylén S,Sacks D

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mast cells are currently recognized as effector cells in many settings beyond just allergic reactions, including innate immunity, autoimmunity, chronic inflammatory disorders and atherosclerosis. Signaling pathways of the mast cell response have been widely explored in the past but these are still linked with single a...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Bachelet I,Levi-Schaffer F

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In vitro-generated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) initially attracted interest for their ability to undergo differentiation toward cells of different lineages. More recently, a major breakthrough was the discovery that MSCs exert a profound inhibitory effect on T cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, M...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Uccelli A,Pistoia V,Moretta L

更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:At two checkpoints, T cell development is controlled by T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, which determines survival and lineage commitment. At the first of these checkpoints, signaling by the pre-TCR, the gammadeltaTCR or the alphabetaTCR has a major but nonexclusive impact on whether cells will become CD4-CD8- gammade...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Garbe AI,von Boehmer H

更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The entry of exogenous antigen into the MHC class I-restricted cross-presentation pathway can contribute to CD8(+) T cell tolerance and immunity, in particular to peripheral self-antigens or selected viruses and bacteria showing restricted tissue tropism. Dendritic cells are the key cross-presenting cells and, as such...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Villadangos JA,Heath WR,Carbone FR

更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Much attention has focused on the role of co-stimulation in dictating tolerance versus immunity to internalized antigens, with the assumption that the presentation of antigen-derived peptides by MHC molecules occurs constitutively. Here, I highlight our new appreciation for the regulated presentation of phagocytosed a...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Blander JM

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T cells are subject to tight regulatory measures, as uncontrolled responses might be detrimental to the host. Control measures include central or thymic tolerance, and peripheral tolerance mechanisms acting after naive T cells have encountered their cognate antigen, such as anergy induction, the contraction phase (whe...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Bangs SC,McMichael AJ,Xu XN

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The highly polymorphic MHC class Ia molecules have a central role in adaptive immunity. By contrast, the closely related MHC class Ib molecules, which show limited polymorphism, are best known for regulating innate immune responses. Nevertheless, a recent area of interest is the emerging role of class Ib molecules in ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Sullivan LC,Hoare HL,McCluskey J,Rossjohn J,Brooks AG

更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Increasing age is associated with a decreasing ability to mediate effective immune responses to newly encountered antigens. It is generally believed that this reflects the age-associated decline in the number, repertoire and function of available naive T cells. Here, we propose that naive T cells become increasingly i...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Woodland DL,Blackman MA

更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Non-deletional tolerance resulting in the generation of regulatory T cells within the thymus is a key mechanism for the establishment of immunological self-tolerance. How the high-affinity self-reactive regulatory T cells escape negative selection and what type of antigen-presenting cells positively select them within...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Liu YJ

更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) and SLAM-associated protein (SAP) families have key roles in normal immunity. They have also been implicated in diseases such as immunodeficiencies and auto-immunity. However, recent findings raise issues requiring examination in future investigations of these molec...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Veillette A,Cruz-Munoz ME,Zhong MC

更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD45, the leucocyte common antigen, is a haemopoietic cell-specific tyrosine phosphatase. Many isoforms are generated by alternative splicing, but their function remains obscure. The extracellular domain of CD45 is highly polymorphic in all vertebrates. Importantly, human polymorphic variants that alter CD45 isoform e...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Tchilian EZ,Beverley PC

更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Complement is not only part of the innate immune system, but has also been implicated in adaptive immunity. The role of complement and its regulatory proteins in modulating T cell activity has been the focus of several recent studies. These, which have included work on the membrane co-factor protein (MCP or CD46), dec...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Longhi MP,Harris CL,Morgan BP,Gallimore A

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Systemic sclerosis (SSc, also known as scleroderma) has the highest case-specific mortality among the rheumatic diseases; however, advances in understanding of pathogenesis and an appreciation of the clinical heterogeneity of this disease, together with therapeutic advances in other areas, have raised the possibility ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Denton CP,Black CM

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) results from immune-mediated damage to multiple organs. Its pathogenesis should be viewed as a series of steps, beginning with impaired immune regulation that permits self-reactive T-B-cell activation, which results in the production of autoantibodies. Activated T and B cells ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Singh RR

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primordial pathogen-recognition proteins that function as sentinels for the innate immune system. One of the TLR mysteries relates to TLR11, a receptor present in mice, but not humans, and known to recognize uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The first defined ligand for TLR11 has now been ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Lauw FN,Caffrey DR,Golenbock DT

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many patients suffer from neuropathic pain as a result of injury to the peripheral nervous system (e.g. post-herpetic neuralgia or diabetic neuropathy) or to the central nervous system (e.g. spinal cord injury or stroke). The most distinctive symptom of neuropathic pain is allodynia, whereby normally non-painful stimu...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Abbadie C

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00